The picture below is our research model.
The literature review provides the understanding of facts that have been previously proven by the other researcher. There are many journals have been written by researchers regarding the relationship between the influence of western culture or consumption of pornography and teenage pregnancy. Besides, there are also journals that write about the reasons that lead to teenage pregnancy.
Teen
Pregnancy
According to Soon (2012), it points out the issue of teen birth is rising in Malaysia and there is at least one case per day. In addition, as referred to Lee (2012), there is lack of comprehensive sex education provided for the teenagers in Malaysia. A survey was conducted among teenagers revealed that, the teenagers in Malaysia learn about the sex mostly from friends, magazines, movie, pop songs, and the Internet but very few of them have the opportunity to being taught by their parents on this aspect. Besides that, according to East (2007), the young women who have family history of teenage births will have a higher possible rate to end up with teenage pregnancy Meanwhile, East (2007) also states that teenager with family members who has been experienced in teen birth will be more likely to be influenced. The way parents transmit “family value” will affect the growth of the teenager (Halstead 1999).
Childhood sexual abuse does not have a direct linkage towards the causes of teenage pregnancy (Witwer 1997). However, the percentage of unmarried and married teenager gave birth to babies has increases, as well as increases in child abused by teenage mother (Baumrind 1994). Widom (1996) also argues that children who has experienced of abusing and neglecting may increase the person’s risk of teenage pregnancy. But, sexually precocious and failure to use contraceptive may be the major contribution to teenage pregnancy (Roosa 1997)
In addition, a teenager who came from extreme poverty situation and low education family background will have higher to be pregnant (Anonymous 1998). Bissell (2000) also argues the female who became teen mothers are more likely to be socio-economically disadvantaged because they are less likely to complete their education which leads to engagement in low income job as well as experience single parenthood and poverty.
Ronette (2001) argues on the possible of continuous misleading of roles and responsibilities are high in teenage mother. Furthermore, teenage mothers are more likely to repeat pregnancy in a rapid pace (Raneri 2007). Pregnant teenagers would send away their child for adoption or forced into a marriage rather than becoming a single mother (Cleary 2000).
Sex education has created a causal relationship towards teenager’s sexual behaviour (Oettinger 1999). According to Laura (2006), it points out that sex education does not provide teenagers with sufficient information on the instruction of using birth control item. In addition, according to Kirby (1999), stated that the less knowledge about sex, contraception, and sexuality are more generally increase teen sexual risk taking behavior and increase teen pregnancy rates.
According to Soon (2012), it points out the issue of teen birth is rising in Malaysia and there is at least one case per day. In addition, as referred to Lee (2012), there is lack of comprehensive sex education provided for the teenagers in Malaysia. A survey was conducted among teenagers revealed that, the teenagers in Malaysia learn about the sex mostly from friends, magazines, movie, pop songs, and the Internet but very few of them have the opportunity to being taught by their parents on this aspect. Besides that, according to East (2007), the young women who have family history of teenage births will have a higher possible rate to end up with teenage pregnancy Meanwhile, East (2007) also states that teenager with family members who has been experienced in teen birth will be more likely to be influenced. The way parents transmit “family value” will affect the growth of the teenager (Halstead 1999).
Childhood sexual abuse does not have a direct linkage towards the causes of teenage pregnancy (Witwer 1997). However, the percentage of unmarried and married teenager gave birth to babies has increases, as well as increases in child abused by teenage mother (Baumrind 1994). Widom (1996) also argues that children who has experienced of abusing and neglecting may increase the person’s risk of teenage pregnancy. But, sexually precocious and failure to use contraceptive may be the major contribution to teenage pregnancy (Roosa 1997)
In addition, a teenager who came from extreme poverty situation and low education family background will have higher to be pregnant (Anonymous 1998). Bissell (2000) also argues the female who became teen mothers are more likely to be socio-economically disadvantaged because they are less likely to complete their education which leads to engagement in low income job as well as experience single parenthood and poverty.
Ronette (2001) argues on the possible of continuous misleading of roles and responsibilities are high in teenage mother. Furthermore, teenage mothers are more likely to repeat pregnancy in a rapid pace (Raneri 2007). Pregnant teenagers would send away their child for adoption or forced into a marriage rather than becoming a single mother (Cleary 2000).
Sex education has created a causal relationship towards teenager’s sexual behaviour (Oettinger 1999). According to Laura (2006), it points out that sex education does not provide teenagers with sufficient information on the instruction of using birth control item. In addition, according to Kirby (1999), stated that the less knowledge about sex, contraception, and sexuality are more generally increase teen sexual risk taking behavior and increase teen pregnancy rates.
Western
Culture
Western culture is defined as the culture and lifestyle of European countries, such as United States (Zimmermann 2012). According to Hanani Harun and Zulkifli Hasan (2008), they mentioned that the effects of globalization may influence the teenagers in Malaysia in term of their lifestyle, character and level of intellectual. Besides that, according to Ljayne (2003) also motioned that the young of Malaysia and Thailand are influenced by western culture and the national cultural of the country will soon be forgotten. According to Nor Shahid Mohd Nor (2011), Malaysia has banned some of the western artistes from entering the country to held performance, such as Avril Lavigne, Madonna and Britney Spears. The reason of not allowing these artistes to perform in Malaysia is western pop culture has negative influence towards the youngsters, which increase the risk of moral decay.
Furthermore, according to Meschke (2000), America has higher ranking of teenage pregnancy due to unprotected sex. England has higher rate of teenage pregnancy than Japan, 28.4% and 3.9% of all births respectively (Lewis 2009). Besides, the consumption of alcohol could increase the possibility of sexual intercourse in between teenagers (Sen 2002). Furthermore, Schwanke (2012) argues that female teenagers who drank too much of alcohol without controlling themselves will end up with sexual intercourse and causes unwanted pregnancy. Besides, teens do not realize the seriousness of ignoring academic and involving themselves in alcohol and drugs, which could cause teenage intercourse and pregnancy (Kathleen 2012). Moreover, female teenagers who were in early maturing have the potential to involve themselves in sexual intercourse, which leads them to teen pregnancy (Deardorff & Gonzales 2005).
Western culture is defined as the culture and lifestyle of European countries, such as United States (Zimmermann 2012). According to Hanani Harun and Zulkifli Hasan (2008), they mentioned that the effects of globalization may influence the teenagers in Malaysia in term of their lifestyle, character and level of intellectual. Besides that, according to Ljayne (2003) also motioned that the young of Malaysia and Thailand are influenced by western culture and the national cultural of the country will soon be forgotten. According to Nor Shahid Mohd Nor (2011), Malaysia has banned some of the western artistes from entering the country to held performance, such as Avril Lavigne, Madonna and Britney Spears. The reason of not allowing these artistes to perform in Malaysia is western pop culture has negative influence towards the youngsters, which increase the risk of moral decay.
Furthermore, according to Meschke (2000), America has higher ranking of teenage pregnancy due to unprotected sex. England has higher rate of teenage pregnancy than Japan, 28.4% and 3.9% of all births respectively (Lewis 2009). Besides, the consumption of alcohol could increase the possibility of sexual intercourse in between teenagers (Sen 2002). Furthermore, Schwanke (2012) argues that female teenagers who drank too much of alcohol without controlling themselves will end up with sexual intercourse and causes unwanted pregnancy. Besides, teens do not realize the seriousness of ignoring academic and involving themselves in alcohol and drugs, which could cause teenage intercourse and pregnancy (Kathleen 2012). Moreover, female teenagers who were in early maturing have the potential to involve themselves in sexual intercourse, which leads them to teen pregnancy (Deardorff & Gonzales 2005).
Consumption
of pornography
According to Mthembu (2012), it shows there were 11600 of child pornography Internet searches daily. Teenager has the higher possibility to be involved in pregnancy as they consumed a lot of sexual contents from television shows and programmes (Nauert 2008). Besides that, Silong (2009) argues that one of the greatest reasons that cause teenage pregnancy is due to curiosity in teenagers. SaeNgian (2008) mentions the hip-hop has become sexualisation and produces pornography, has negative influences towards the teenagers. Research has found that curiosity and excitement of teenagers towards sexual desire will cause unwanted pregnancy (Traeen & Kvalem 1996). Moreover, researcher identifies males were more likely to explore sexual information through the Internet due access of sexual content in pop-ups and junk mail messages (Nosko 2007). Indeed, Jochen (2006) argues that the number of male teenagers viewing online sexual material is higher than female teenagers, which is more likely to have attitudes toward sex. Indeed, Barkacs (2010) states that teenagers were involves in sending sexually photographs over the cell-phones. In other words, the teenagers are viewing pornography materials which subsequently will increase the risk of teenage pregnancy.
According to Mthembu (2012), it shows there were 11600 of child pornography Internet searches daily. Teenager has the higher possibility to be involved in pregnancy as they consumed a lot of sexual contents from television shows and programmes (Nauert 2008). Besides that, Silong (2009) argues that one of the greatest reasons that cause teenage pregnancy is due to curiosity in teenagers. SaeNgian (2008) mentions the hip-hop has become sexualisation and produces pornography, has negative influences towards the teenagers. Research has found that curiosity and excitement of teenagers towards sexual desire will cause unwanted pregnancy (Traeen & Kvalem 1996). Moreover, researcher identifies males were more likely to explore sexual information through the Internet due access of sexual content in pop-ups and junk mail messages (Nosko 2007). Indeed, Jochen (2006) argues that the number of male teenagers viewing online sexual material is higher than female teenagers, which is more likely to have attitudes toward sex. Indeed, Barkacs (2010) states that teenagers were involves in sending sexually photographs over the cell-phones. In other words, the teenagers are viewing pornography materials which subsequently will increase the risk of teenage pregnancy.
No comments:
Post a Comment