We are required to read 100 literature review that regards to our research model.
The picture below is our research model.
The literature review provides the understanding of facts
that have been previously proven by the other researcher. There are many journals have been written by researchers
regarding the relationship between the influence of
western culture or consumption of pornography and teenage pregnancy. Besides, there are also journals that write about the reasons
that
lead to teenage pregnancy.
Teen
Pregnancy
According to Soon (2012), it points
out the issue of teen birth is rising in Malaysia and there is at least one
case per day. In addition, as referred to Lee (2012), there is lack of comprehensive sex education provided for the
teenagers in Malaysia. A survey was conducted among
teenagers revealed that, the teenagers in Malaysia learn about the sex mostly
from friends, magazines, movie, pop songs, and the Internet but very few of
them have the opportunity to being taught by their parents on this aspect.
Besides that, according to East (2007), the young women who have
family history of teenage births will have a higher possible rate to end up
with teenage pregnancy Meanwhile, East (2007) also states that teenager with
family members who has been experienced in teen birth will be more likely to be
influenced. The way parents transmit “family value” will affect the growth of
the teenager (Halstead 1999).
Childhood sexual abuse does not
have a direct linkage towards the causes of teenage pregnancy (Witwer 1997).
However, the percentage of unmarried and married teenager gave birth to babies
has increases, as well as increases in child abused by teenage mother (Baumrind
1994). Widom (1996) also argues that children who has experienced of abusing
and neglecting may increase the person’s risk of teenage pregnancy. But,
sexually precocious and failure to use contraceptive may be the major contribution
to teenage pregnancy (Roosa 1997)
In addition, a teenager who came
from extreme poverty situation and low education family background will have higher
to be pregnant (Anonymous 1998). Bissell (2000) also argues the female who
became teen mothers are more likely to be socio-economically disadvantaged
because they are less likely to complete their education which leads to
engagement in low income job as well as experience single parenthood and
poverty.
Ronette (2001) argues on the
possible of continuous misleading of roles and responsibilities are high in
teenage mother. Furthermore, teenage mothers are more likely to repeat pregnancy
in a rapid pace (Raneri 2007). Pregnant teenagers would send away their child
for adoption or forced into a marriage rather than becoming a single mother
(Cleary 2000).
Sex education has created a causal
relationship towards teenager’s sexual behaviour (Oettinger 1999). According to Laura (2006), it points out that
sex education does not provide teenagers with sufficient information on the
instruction of using birth control item. In addition, according to Kirby (1999), stated that the less knowledge about sex, contraception, and
sexuality are more generally increase teen sexual risk taking behavior and increase teen
pregnancy rates.
Western
Culture
Western culture is defined as the
culture and lifestyle of European countries, such as United States (Zimmermann
2012). According to Hanani Harun and Zulkifli Hasan (2008), they mentioned that
the effects of globalization may influence the teenagers in Malaysia in term of
their lifestyle, character and level of intellectual. Besides that, according
to Ljayne (2003) also motioned that the young of Malaysia and Thailand are
influenced by western culture and the national cultural of the country will
soon be forgotten. According to Nor Shahid Mohd Nor (2011), Malaysia has banned
some of the western artistes from entering the country to held performance,
such as Avril Lavigne, Madonna and Britney Spears. The reason of not allowing
these artistes to perform in Malaysia is western pop culture has negative
influence towards the youngsters, which increase the risk of moral decay.
Furthermore, according to Meschke
(2000), America has higher ranking of teenage pregnancy due to unprotected sex.
England has higher rate of teenage pregnancy than Japan, 28.4% and 3.9% of all
births respectively (Lewis 2009). Besides, the consumption of alcohol could
increase the possibility of sexual intercourse in between teenagers (Sen 2002). Furthermore, Schwanke (2012) argues that
female teenagers who drank too much of alcohol without controlling themselves
will end up with sexual intercourse and causes unwanted pregnancy. Besides,
teens do not realize the seriousness of ignoring academic and involving
themselves in alcohol and drugs, which could cause teenage intercourse and
pregnancy (Kathleen 2012). Moreover,
female teenagers who were in early maturing have the potential to involve
themselves in sexual intercourse, which leads them to teen pregnancy (Deardorff
& Gonzales 2005).
Consumption
of pornography
According to Mthembu (2012), it
shows there were 11600 of child pornography Internet searches daily. Teenager
has the higher possibility to be involved in pregnancy as they consumed a lot
of sexual contents from television shows and programmes (Nauert 2008). Besides
that, Silong (2009) argues that one of the greatest reasons that cause teenage
pregnancy is due to curiosity in teenagers. SaeNgian (2008) mentions the
hip-hop has become sexualisation and produces pornography, has negative
influences towards the teenagers. Research has found that curiosity and
excitement of teenagers towards sexual desire will cause unwanted pregnancy
(Traeen & Kvalem 1996). Moreover, researcher identifies males were more
likely to explore sexual information through the Internet due access of sexual
content in pop-ups and junk mail messages (Nosko 2007). Indeed, Jochen (2006) argues that the number
of male teenagers viewing online sexual material is higher than female
teenagers, which is more likely to have attitudes toward sex. Indeed, Barkacs
(2010) states that teenagers were involves in sending sexually photographs over
the cell-phones. In other words, the teenagers are viewing pornography
materials which subsequently will increase the risk of teenage pregnancy.
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